Designed to Air Ministry specifications B.3/34, which was circulated in July 1934, the Armstrong Whitworth A.W.38 Whitley was the most extensively built of the company's designs, production reaching a total of 1,814 aircraft. It also marked a departure from the manufacturer's traditional steel-tube construction, the Whitley's fuselage being of a light alloy monocoque structure.
Production was authorised while the aircraft was still in the design stage, an order for 80 aircrafts being placed in August 1935. The first prototype flew on 17 March 1936 with two Armstrong Siddeley Tiger X engines moving the then-new three-blade, variable-pitch, de Havilland propellers. Trials at the Aircraft and Armament Experimental Establishment at Martlesham Heath were undertaken in the autumn of 1936, and the first production Whitley Mk Is were delivered in early 1937. Thirty-four Mk Is were built before the Mk IIs were introduced. This mark had Tiger VIII engines with two-speed superchargers, the first fitted to a RAF aircraft; 46 Whitley Mk IIs completed the initial order for 80.
Mk I and II Whitleys had manually-operated nose and tail turrets, each with a 0.303-in (7'7 mm.) Vickers machine-gun, but in the Mk III the nose turret was replaced by a power-operated Nash and Thompson turret, and a retractable ventral turret with two 0.303-in Brownings was added. The 80 Whitley Mk IIIs also had modified bomb bays to accommodate larger bombs.
By far the most numerous Whitley variants were those with Rolls Royce engines. Merlin IVs of 1,030 hp were installed in production Whitley IVs, the first of which flew on 5 April 1939. Other changes incorporated in this version were a power-operated Nash and Thompson tail turret with four 0.303-in Browning guns, a transparent panel was added in the lower nose to improve the view for the bomb aimer, and two additional wing tanks to bring total fuel capacity to 3,205 litres. Production totalled 33, together with 7 Mk IVAs which had 1,145-hp Merlin X engines.
The same engines were retained for the Whitley V, which incorporated a number of changes. The most important improvement was the modified fin with straight leading edges and a extension to the rear fuselage to provide a wider field of fire to the rear gunner. Fuel capacity was increased to 3,805 litres or 4,405 litres if extra tanks were carried in the bomb bay. Production totalled 1,466 aircraft.
The Whitley VI was a projected version with Pratt & Whitney engines, studied as an insurance against short supply of Merlins. It was not built, however, the ultimate production Whitley was the Mk VII which was essentially a Mk V with auxiliary fuel tanks in the bomb bay and in the rear fuselage to bring the total capacity to 5,001 litres, increasing the range to 2,300 miles for maritime patrol duties. Externally the Mk VIIs could be distinguished by the dorsal radar aerial of the ASV Mk II air-to-surface radar. Production reached 146, and some Mk Vs were converted to the later standard.
No.10 Squadron was the first to equip with the Whitley, which replaced the Handley Page Heyford in 1937. The first WWII missions of Whitleys took place on 3 September 1939 when Whitleys III from No.51 and 58 Squadrons flew a raid over Bremen, Hamburg and the Ruhr. During the night of 1 of October No.10 Squadron flew a similar mission over Berlin. The first bombs were dropped on Berlin during the night of 25 August 1940, the attacking squadrons Nos.51 and 78 with Whitleys. To mark the entry of Italy into the war, 36 Whitleys drawn from Nos. 10, 51, 58, 77 and 102 Squadrons were tasked to raid Genoa and Turin during the night of 11 June 1940, although only 13 actually reached their targets, weather and engine troubles taking their toll.
The Whitley was retired from Bomber Command in April 1942, the last operating being flown against Ostend during the night of 29 April, although some aircraft from operational training units took part in the '1,000 Bomber' raid on Cologne on the night of 30 May 1942. Coastal Command Whitleys began to operate in September 1939 when No.58 Squadon was transferred to Boscombe Down to fly anti-submarine patrols over the Channel. Mk V Whitleys replaced the Avro Ansons of No.502 Squadron in the autumn of 1940. These were in turn replaced by Mk VII equipped with ASV radar in 1941, and one aircraft from No.502 Squadron sank the type's first German submarine when it attacked U-205 in the Bay of Biscay on 30 November 1941.
Whitleys were also used at No.1 Parachute Training School at Ringway, Manchester, and were adapted for use as glider tugs. The paratroop raid on the German radar site at Bruneval used Whitleys of No.51 Squadron. Other Whitley squadrons flew numerous sorties, dropping agents into occupied territory and supplying Resistance groups with arms and equipment. Fifteen Whitley Vs were handed over to BOAC in May 1942 and, stripped of armament but with additional fuel tanks in the bomb bays, flew regularly from Gibraltar to Malta carrying supplies.