Designed to replace O3U Corsair and Curtiss SOC biplanes, the Vought OS2U was the manufacturer answer to a 1937 U.S. Navy specification for a observation and scout aircraft suitable for operation from the fleet's battleships. The Navy required a two-seat floatplane with non-folding wings (unnecesary in battleships with no hangar) that could be quickly converted to landplane.
Three companies tried to meet the new specifications: Naval Aircraft Factory XOSN-1, the Stearman XOSS-1, and the Vought XOSU-1 (actually a modified O3U-6). All these designs were biplanes with central floats. Realizing the poor performance of the biplane design, Vought engineer Rex Biesel proposed a radically new all-metal monoplane. However, to remain under the weight requirements imposed by shipboard handling, a small Pratt & Whitney R-9854 engine producing 450 hp was chosen. After evaluation, the US Navy ordered a prototype (XOS2U-1) which was flown for the first time as landplane version in March 1938.
The initial production order for the OS2U-1 Kingfisher began to enter service in August 1940. It was the first catapult-launched monoplane observation aircraft to serve with the U.S. Navy. By November that year 54 Kingfishers had been delivered, and they quickly gained a reputation for reliability despite their modest engine performance.
The first order was followed by another in November 1940 for 158 OS2U-2s. The engine was the R-985-48 delivering the same 450 hp but at 5,000 feet. It could also carry two 325-lb depth charges. Except for 45 floatplane version aircraft, most of this order was assigned to the new Inshore Patrol Squadrons as landplanes from September 1940 onwards.
The main production was the OS2U-3. This introduced self-sealing fuel tanks, armour protection, and the R-985-AN-2 engine of the same output. 1,006 floatplanes were completed from July 1941 to September 1942. The OS2N-1 was the OS2U-3 built by the Naval Aircraft Factory, which delivered 300 examples. A further prototype XOS2U-4, a converted OS2U-2 with narrow wings, never went into production.
All the U.S. battleships carried Kingfishers by the time of Pearl Harbour. The carriers Saratoga, Wasp and Hornet as well as many seaplane tenders used them, but most floatplanes were assigned to Inshore Patrol Squadrons at Pensacola and Jacksonville. Some Kingfishers were even used in cruisers and some Fletcher-class destroyers fitted with catapults.
The OS2Us were widely used in all theatres. When spotting missions gave way to radars on ships, the floatplanes based on battleships were used for general utility, air rescue and anti-submarine patrol. Shore-based squadrons operated mainly in the latter role in the war. However the Kingfishers also performed bombing missions and tug duties.
The U.S. Coast Guard received 53 floatplanes and the Royal Navy other 100 under the Lend-Lease Treaty which were redesignated Kingfisher Mk I. They served on board merchant cruisers, cruisers and as trainers. Others were exported to Australia (24 originally en route to the Dutch East Indies at the time of the Japanese invasion), Chile, Argentina, Mexico, and Uruguay.
With such an extensive use, the Kingfishers had some remarkable missions. Two OS2Us helped sink the German U-576 on 15 July 1942. Lt M. Batten braved the shore guns of Guam Island to rescue two downed aviators, earning the Navy Cross. But Lt John A. Burns holds the record for rescued aviators with 10 in one day while operating near Truk. |