The T-28 was the most well-known tank of the Soviet Army in the 1930s. It was the result of several prototypes (T-12, T-24, and TG) that for different reasons were considered unsuitable for mass production.
Its initial design was carried out by S. A. Ginsburg at the Leningrad Bolshevik Machine Factory in 1931. The new vehicle was copied from the British A6E1 16 ton tank by Vickers Armstrongs, although this was still a secret project at that time, for this reason it is believed that the plans were obtained through espionage. The first prototype started tests at the end of that year.
The T-28 was intended for breaking through strongly fortified defensive zones and for exploitation of mechanized brigades. The prototypes had a 45 mm gun installed, with 2 smaller turrets with 7.62 mm DT MGs. During development the gun was changed to a 76.2 mm 1927/32. The main turret was rotated by an electrical device, which was a novelty at the time. They were also fitted with smoke-emitters and a device which improved accuracy of fire while on the move. In August 1933 the model was oficially adopted by the Red Army, although the first ten T-28s had paraded in Moscow on 1 May.
After their first missions in the war against Japan in 1939 and the Russo-Finnish war in 1940, which showed that the armour was inadequate against Finnish AT guns, the vehicle was modified increasing its weight to 32 tons. The armour was thickened to 80 mm in the front hull and 40 mm in the sides. The original gun was also changed to a L-10 model with a higher caliber.
During the war against Finland several tanks were captured by the Finns, who called them Postijuna or mail train.
At the beginning of WWII the T-28 was part of at least two tank brigades of the Soviet Army and most of them were lost in the first two months of the war. Some of them survived until 1943 in the Leningrad front, but in the summer of 1941 it was evident that its multi-turreted design was obsolete and its armour clearly inferior to its German counterparts. Mass production stopped after the cessation of the Russio-Finish War, and was replaced by the T-34.
The T-28 had several versions and the chassis was used for special-purpose tanks such as the IT-28 (bridgelayer version that used the chassis of a T-28E), or the OT-28 (flame-thrower version). |