The origins of the P-61 go back to the skies over Britain in 1940. The extraordinary feats of the RAF during the Battle of Britain were witnessed first-hand by a team of U.S. Army officers, headed by General Emmonds. They were impressed by the singular achievements of British fighters flying day and night missions. But they sensed the need for a special-purpose aircraft to perform the night fighter role. Upon return to the U.S., the team recommended immediate development of a totally new fighter. Approval was quickly followed by the issuance of a specification in the fall of 1940 calling for an aircraft large enough to house the required bulky radar equipment and extra heavy armament.
Design of the prototype aircraft started in October 1940 when preliminary requirements were placed with leading U.S. manufacturers as a basis for the design of a night fighter. Northrop submitted his preliminary design to the Army Air Corps on 7 December 1940, and received a contract on January 30, 1941, for two XP-61 airplanes.
A giant among fighter aircraft of the day, the XP-61 had the dimensions of a medium bomber. Grossing nearly 30,000 pounds, it had a wingspan of 66 feet and a maximum speed of 366 mph. The crew nacelle, located between the engines, housed a team of three: the pilot, the gunner and the radar operator-gunner. All armaments were located within the crew nacelle and consisted of a General Electric remote-controlled turret containing four 50-caliber machine-guns, a battery of four 20mm cannon in a fixed ventral position, and a radar installation in the nose. Structure of the crew nacelle was of aluminium alloy of the stressed skin, seminonocoque type.
The wing consisted of a stressed skin, two spar, cantilever structure composed of six panel assemblies: two inner, two outer and two tip. All design fuel was carried in inner wing tanks immediately aft of the engine installations. Engine nacelles also housed the main landing gear.
The first flight took place on May 26, 1942. The flight was successful but the accelerated test program soon indicated the need for certain modifications in the horizontal tail surfaces, flaps and ailerons. An order for 13 service test YP-61 and one static test airframe followed the XP-61 contract. They were all delivered within 18 months of receipt of contract, during August and September 1943.
The pressing need for night fighters in all theaters of operation prompted a 200-aircraft production order well before the first of the XP-61s took to the air. Delivery of the first P-61As started in October 1943. Flight tests showed the P-61A to be an extremely docile and manageable aircraft. Maneuverability was considered excellent for an aircarft of its size and weight. However, the sheer weight of the machine ruled out intentional violent maneuvers such as spins and snap rolls.
The B versión was similar in every respect to the A, except for a slight extension of the fuselage nose. Engineers and test pilots alike considered the performance characteristics of the B series aircraft as excellent. However, mounting reports from combat zones pointed to a need for increased speed and higher altitude capabilities. To achieve these capabilities models C and D were developed. Main modifications involved updating of the Pratt & Whitney engines, adding wide-bladed Curtiss Electric propellers and General Electric turbo superchargers. Maximum speed was inceased to 430 mph, and service ceiling was raised to 41,000 feet.
Two P-61B aircrafts were selected for modifications to develop a high-performance, long-range escort fighter that incorporated the same basic features of the other models in the P-61 series. This aircraft was designated as XP-61E and the main changes developed consisted of omitting the gun turret and adding a bubble canopy, the addition of fuel tanks in the center and aft section of the crew nacelle and new radio equipment. Similarly, the nose radar was replaced by four 50-caliber machine-guns which complemented the ventral battery of 20mm cannon. Plans to develop an XP-61F as two-seat fighter similar to the E model were cancelled in October 1945.
Excluding the F-15 derivatives of the P-61E, the final model to be produced was the P-61G. Sixteen P-61Bs were modified in 1945 as weather reconnaissance airplanes. All armament and radio equipment were removed, and the engines changed to a Pratt & Whitney R-2800.
A total of 706 (674 by V-J Day) plus 20 experimental and special-purpose modifications were produced. For the more experienced aircraft companies in the U.S. this would have been task enough, but for a company like Northrop, which had been born less than two years before the onset of WWII, it was a very creditable achievement.