The Martin B-10 was the first all-metal monoplane bomber to enter full production for the US Army. It was also the first bomber to have a performance that exceeded that of contemporary pursuit aircraft.
The immediate ancestor of the B-10 was the Martin Model 123, which was designed and built as a private venture by the Glenn L. Martin Company of Baltimore, Maryland. It was a midwing all-metal monoplane except for fabric-covered control surfaces. The monocoque fuselage had corrugated top and bottom surfaces. The deep belly carried doors for an internal bomb bay, so the bombs could be carried internally rather than on external racks. The main landing gear retracted backwards into the rear of the engine nacelles, but the lower half of the wheels remained exposed. The crew of four or five was accommodated in three separate cockpits with the bomb aimer/gunner in the nose, pilot and radio operator just forward of the wing leading edge, and gunners or a gunner and navigator in the aft cockpit. The nose position was covered by a cupola to permit deployment of the gun, and the other two cockpits each had a transparent canopy.
The Model 123 flew for the first time at Baltimore on February 16, 1932. It was powered by a pair of 600 hp Wright SR-1820-E Cyclone engines. The Model 123 was delivered to the Army on March 20, 1932 under a bailment contract. Trials began in July of 1932. During these, a maximum speed of 197 mph was recorded at an altitude of 6000 feet. This was a truly spectacular performance for 1932.
The Model 123 was returned to the factory in Baltimore for some suggested modifications. During the early autumn of 1932, the open-cockpit gun position in the nose of the Martin 123 was replaced by a front gun turret. This was a transparent, manually-rotated facility, equipped with a single 0.30-inch machine gun. The pilot's cockpit and the dorsal gunner position remained open. More powerful 675 hp R-1820-19 Cyclone engines were installed. These engines were also fitted with full cowlings that extended forward of the wings. A new longer-span wing was fitted, increasing the wingspan to 70 feet 7 inches. The designation was changed to XB-907A when it was returned for more tests.
Trials of the XB-907A took place in October of 1932. Despite an increase of nearly 2000 pounds in the gross weight to 12,230 pounds, the XB-907A had a maximum speed of 207 mph at 6000 feet. The XB-907A was faster than any US fighter then in service. The Model 123 was a truly revolutionary design, and every other bomber in the world (and just about every pursuit plane as well) was instantaneously made obsolete.
On January 17, 1933, the Army purchased the XB-907A under the designation XB-10. At the same time, the Army ordered 48 production examples of the Martin design. The first 14 production aircraft, with 675-hp R-1820-25 engines, were designated YB-10; the seven YB-12s which followed has 775-hp Pratt & Whitney R-1690-11 Hornets. The next 25 production B-12As also had the Hornet engines, and provision was made for an extra fuel tank to be carried in the bomb bay.
Production of the Martin bomber was continued by Army procurements in 1934 and 1935 for 103 examples of the B-10B, the primary service version. The B-10B could be distinguished from the YB-10 by the presence of air intakes on top the nacelle as well as by the relocation of the exhaust pipes. It was otherwise quite similar to the service test YB-10.
Production deliveries began in December of 1935 and were completed by August of 1936. The B-10B served with the 2nd, 9th and 19th Bomb Groups. The B-10B also served with the 6th Bomb Group based in the Canal Zone, and was issued to the 28th Bomb Group based in the Philippines. In January of 1931, the US Army was assigned the responsibility for coastal defense around the United States mainland. As part of this mission, several Army YB-10s were temporarily fitted with large floats for water-based operations.
The B-10s remained in service until the advent of the B-17 and B-18 in the late 1930s. The advances in bomber technology suddenly became so rapid that the B-10, revolutionary though it was, swiftly became obsolete as the 1930s progressed. By 1940, the B-10B was thoroughly out of date and had been largely relegated to secondary roles such as target towing. 119 of the total of 151 B-10 bombers obtained by the USAAC were still flying in such second-line roles in 1940, when they were finally removed from service. A handful of them were still serving in the Philippines in 1941 and some were captured by the Japanese.
The first export version, the Model 139W, was completed in August of 1936. It was sent to Argentina in September to compete against the German Junkers JU-86 and the Italian Savoia SM-79B for Argentine orders. The Martin plane won the contract, and Argentina ordered 13 examples for the Navy and 26 for the Army. Other export orders soon followed. Six examples went to China in February of 1937. They were used in combat when Japan invaded China in August of 1937. These Martin 139WCs were the first American-designed bombers to see combat. However, the results were not all that good, since most were destroyed on the ground during Japanese air attacks.
Plans to sell Martin 139s to Republican Spain were blocked by the State Department. Reports that the Martin bomber was being used in Spain on the Republican side were misidentifications of the Soviet Tupolev SB-2, which was basically similar in overall configuration.
The largest customer for the export Martin bomber was the Dutch East Indies. The first Dutch order was for 12, delivered between September 1936 and February 1937. The final export version was the Model 139WH-3, which had a long unbroken transparent canopy "greenhouse" that extended from the pilot's cockpit to the rear gunner's position. 78 of these new bombers were delivered by May 5, 1939, when the last export Martin bomber rolled off the Baltimore production line.
Six squadrons of Martin bombers were serving in the Dutch East Indies when the Japanese invaded. Dutch crews flew these Martin bombers in a futile attempt to stem the Japanese advance into the Dutch East Indies during early 1942. By this time, the Martin bomber was thoroughly obsolete, and its speed and armament were completely inadequate to protect against the fast and heavily-armed Japanese Zero fighters. Most were shot down in combat or were destroyed on the ground. A surviving export Model 139 fled from the Dutch East Indies to Australia on March 7, 1942. It was taken on strength by the USAAF for use as an utility aircraft. This was the only export Martin 139 to serve with the USAAF. |