No other U.S. torpedo bomber was more famous in the Pacific War from 1942 to 1945 than the Grumman TBF Avenger. In October 1939 it was evident that the then standard US Navy torpedo bomber Douglas TBD-1 Devastator was inadequate for the ship-based missions, especially due to the poor performance of its 900-hp engine. In that month the US Navy began plans to replace it. Grumman was then well positioned to win the contract, and in an intensive five-weeks work at the turn of 1941, Grumman chief engineer Bob Hall created the rough shape of what was later called "The Pregnant Beast" or more kindly "The Turkey" by pilots. Project engineer R. Koch was first to decide on an internal bay and the two-level structure of the new aircraft.
The pilot's cockpit would be placed over the leading edge of the wing, where his view was perfect. Aft of the pilot was the radio operator, who also served as the turret gunner. At the lower level the bombardier was provided a folding seat from which he could man the lower rear machine gun or aim the aircraft for medium-altitude level bombing. Though he could aim bombs from altitude, it was the pilot who managed torpedo attacks.
During development in 1942 TBFs were also equipped with the new Westinghouse ASB radar, which became standard on some versions. The dorsal turret was an specification of the Navy. Instead of the traditional hydraulic turret, Grumman made an electrically driven turret equipped with synchronised motors which no matter the attitude of the turret or aircraft might be, always gave fingertip gun-pointing accuracy. Another machine gun was fitted on the right side of the nose.
The two XTBF-1 prototypes made their first successful flight on 1 August 1941. The Navy ordered 286 TBF which were built on Plant 2, a new factory twice as big as the old one, since Grumman was quickly becoming overloaded with work. This contract was soon changed by an open-ended one which was intended to last until 31 December 1943, but in fact it finished after the end of the war. On Sunday morning 7 December 1941, everything was ready at Plant 2 for the first public showing of the prototype XTBF-1 when news of the Japanese attack arrived from Pearl Harbour, and the TBF was thus named Avenger.
The first planes produced in Plant 2 flew on 3 January 1942. The VT-8 squadron was the first to be sent to the Pacific flying from the US to Pearl Harbour, where they found that their ship, USS Hornet, had departed to Midway. They were then ferried up to the island to take part in the battle. All except one were shot down by enemy fighters or AA fire, however the TBF-1 was destined to become a decisive aircraft against the Imperial Navy and the German U-boats. They were credited in the sinking the light carrier Ryujo at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, and Hiyo during the Battle of the Philippine Sea. They also had an outstanding role when the IJN battleships Musashi and Yamato were sunk.
With the normal internal load of a Mk 13-2 torpedo or four 500-lb bombs, and full internal fuel of 1,268 litres in three tanks, the TBF-1 could attack targets up to 260 miles distant. It was perhaps the least difficult of all wartime aircraft to land on a carrier.
Subsequent versions increased its forward-firing armament, the TBF-1C having two 12.7 mm. guns in the outer wings. The British versions of the TBF-1B were fitted British radios and other equipment, and served in dozens of carriers, numerous UK bases and shore stations from Canada to Ceylon and the Far East.
In December 1941 the urgent need for TBFs made it indispensable to find a second producer. By that time General Motors had five plants on the east coast without work. They were fast organised into a team called Eastern Aircraft Division and built, among other aircraft, Avengers which were called TBM. By December 1943, a total of 1,000 Avengers had been produced and by the end of the war the amount was 7,546 in more than twenty variants. Most were of the TBM-3 type, with a more powerful engine, often with no turret and provision of wing rockets or drop tanks.
Postwar versions, such as the TBM-3E, were supplied to Canada, France, the Netherlands and even Japan under the Mutual Assistance Program. Ironically, it was Japan the last country to use them as part of the Self-Defence Forces until the end of the 1950s. |