In 1918 France supplied Italy with a Schneider tank and a few Renault FT-17 light tanks. Italy requested more tanks but at that time France could not even meet her own requirements, let alone export orders. FIAT, assisted by Ansaldo and Breda, then started to design a vehicle similar to the FT-17 but using Italian components. FIAT received an order for 1,400 tanks, but this was reduced to 100 when WWI ended. The first prototype was completed in 1920 but it was not until 1923 that it entered service with the Italian Army. Compared to the French FT-17 the Italian tank was much lighter and faster.
First models were armed with turret-mounted twin 6.5 mm machine-guns with an elevation of +24º and a depression of -7º, 2,000 rounds of ammunition being carried. After some trials with the FIAT 3000 Mod. 21 of the first series, it was necessary to reinforce the system of bogies and tracks for a better adaptation at the rough terrains. The box-spar was lenghtened and made stronger with stiffeners, also the driving-wheels where strengthen. Another step to enhance the second series of the tank was the changing of the original S.I.A. machine-guns placed at the bottom of the turret front with the same caliber FIAT Mod. 29 of more modern design which were placed at the top of the front turret.
In 1921 the Compagnia Autonoma di Carri Armati (Autonomous Tank Company) was formed and equipped with the Fiat 3000 mod.1921. In 1926, following the Italian Army reorganization, the tank unit changed its status and became one of the Infantry Corps. On October 1, 1927 the first Reggimento di Carri Armati (Tank Regiment) was formed in Rome. Its order of battle comprised five Batallions, with four Companies each, totalling 180 tanks.
In 1929 a FIAT 3000 was fitted with a 37 mm gun in place of the machine-guns and most surviving examples were rebuilt as FIAT 3000 Model 30 (or FIAT 3000B). In addition to the new armament the suspension was also improved and a more powerful engine which developed 63 hp was fitted. The gun was offset to the right and had an elevation of +20º and a depression of -10º, 68 rounds of 37 mm ammution being carried. Some of these tanks were fitted with a radio for use in the command role and trials versions included a 105 mm self-propelled howitzer and another with twin 37 mm guns.
Until the arrival of the British Carden-Loyd Mk. VI vehicles the FIAT 3000 was the only tank the Italian army had in quantity. The designations of these tanks were changed prior to the outbreak of WWII, in accordance with the identification system that was adopted throughout the war by the Italians. The Model 21 was redesignated the L.5/21, and the Model 30 was redesignated the L.5/30.
The Fiat 3000 (Model 21) was first used in action in February 1926 in Libya and subsequently also saw action against the Ethiopians in 1935. With Italy's entry into World War II in June 1940, a limited number of Fiat 3000s still in service with the Italian Army were employed operationally on the Greek-Albanian front. They were also among the last Italian tanks to oppose the Allies, as in July 1943, when the Allies landed in Sicily two Italian tank companies on the island were still equipped with the 3000. One company was dug in and their vehicles were used as fixed fortifications, while the other company was used in a mobile role, with few of the tanks surviving the Allied drive. |