In spring 1935 the Italian Air Ministry issued specifications for three fighters to be used in different roles. With the aim to fulfill the three specifications in one aircraft, Fiat engineer Giuseppe Gabrielli began the design of the G.50 in April 1935. It was the first monoplane single-seat fighter plane in Italy. It had an all-metal fuselage with a three-piece wing and fabric-covered control surfaces. It would carry the new Fiat A.74 R.C.38 radial engine as the powerplant. The initial armament would consist of one 12.7 mm Breda-Safat machine-gun on the cowling, another one in the right wing and a 20 mm Oerlikon cannon in the left wing.
The design was submitted to the ministry in September 1935, but at the beginning of 1936 specifications were changed for just one fighter armed with machine-guns mounted on the cowling and with a good climbing capacity. The design was changed and the Ministry ordered two prototypes which were flown for the first time on February 26 1937. The aircraft was subjected to comparative flight tests with the Macchi MC.200. Both fighters were developed in spite of the problems which led to the redesign of the cockpit canopy and the fuselage upper surface.
Initial production consisted of 40 G.50's of which 12 were sent to Spain in 1938 for operational testing with the Gruppo Caccia Sperimentale (Experimental Fighter Group). The results were so successful that the Ministry orderered two further small batches of 36 and 30 aircraft. Changes were made along production, such as the sliding canopy, which was disliked by pilots and changed by an open one. The first unit to get the new fighter was the 22 Gruppo 51 Stormo in spring 1939. When Italy entered WWII in June 1940, there were 118 examples of different series in use. By November that year 239 G.50's, including the prototypes, had been completed.
In autumn 1940 the next version, called Fiat G.50bis, was ordered into production with a first batch of 315 aircraft. This version had been tested for the first time on September 9. Differences included the removal of the 2.2lb bomb which was replaced by a fuel tank. The tailwheel fairing was eliminated and the vertical tail surfaces were redesigned. Another change was a small increase in length and a reduction in height. The G.50bis proved to be a good variant and 450 of them were built until summer 1942, 10 of which were supplied to the Croatian Air Force.
A two seater training G.50 was built and renamed the G.50B (biposto, two-seat). This version was flown on April 30, 1940. Around one hundred of these variants were built. On October 3, 1942, the last variant of the G.50, a two seater G.50bis/A fighter bomber was developed. Additions included a 12.7mm Breda-Safat machine gun in each wing and shackles for a pair of 353 lb bombs. Arrester hooks were also added for use with the aircraft carriers which were being built.
Some 48 Fiat G.50 were sent to Belgium in the Corpo Aereo Italiano (Italian Air Corp) to take part in the Battle of Britain, but they saw no action as they were hampered by their sort range and limited armament. The type was also used with the 2nd Gruppo Caccia Terrestre in Greece in October 1940 and the G.50bis model was extensively employed by the Regia Aeronautica in North Africa and the Mediterranean. More successful were those aircraft sold to Finland in 1939.
The new Finnish G.50's arrived too late to change the course of action against the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939-40, but 13 air victories were won with them. During the Continuation War (1941-44) Fiat fighters were most successful in the attack phase of 1941, but they were soon phased out by new Soviet fighters in 1942-43. The flying characteristics were good even though the speed and climbing rate were worse than that of the I-153 and I-16 planes. Technical problems were very common especially in early stages and many improvements were constructed by the users. However lack of spare parts and tired machines allowed only a small number of sorties. During 1941 the Finnish LLv 26 squadron, which operated Fiats, claimed 52 victories against the loss of 2 fighters. The most successful Fiat G.50 aces were O. Tuominen (23 victories), O. Puhakka (11) and N. Trontti (6). The type was retired from frontline use in summer 1944.
Along its operational life several attempts were made to improve the fighter. The G.50ter, which was flown on July 17 1940, had a Fiat 1,000 hp A.76 engine and could get a maximum speed of 329 mph. On August 25 1941 a new G.50V, converted to hold a German Daimler-Benz DB 601A 1,050 hp engine, attained a speed of 360 mph. Fiat was in the process of designing a more modern aircraft called the G.52 but the project was cancelled for the G.55 Centauro.
By the time of the Italian Armistice few G.50s were left; a few were used as part of the Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force, while 4 were used by Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana as fighter trainers. |