On May 31 1929 the USSR and the Ford Company signed a contract to produce cars and trucks in the Soviet Union. The models were the Ford-A car, the Ford-AA and Ford-AAA trucks. In February 1930 truck assembly began at the Gudok Oktyabrya Factory in Nizhnij Novgorod. In November 1930 the KIM factory in Moscow commenced truck production as well. Later, Nizhnij Novgorod was renamed to Gorkiy, and its factory was renamed as GAZ imeni Molotova (Molotov's GAZ). The specifications for all vehicles were re-calculated from the British (inch) to the metric system. After that all vehicles received new names: The Ford-A car was renamed GAZ-A and the Ford-AA and Ford-AAA as GAZ-AA and GAZ-AAA respectively.
Soon after the contract with Ford was signed, the Russians made several attempts to develop a light armored car on the Ford-A chassis. The design bureau, headed by Chief engineer N. I. Dyrenkov, developed two armored cars: the D-8 and the D-12. In 1931, both vehicles were accepted for service, although they didn't satisfy all the Red Army's demands. This was mostly because the designs had non-traversing machine-gun installations and left the sides and rear unprotected. As a result, designers were ordered to develop a new hull with a new turret with 360° traversing. In 1931-1932 the design bureau of the Izhorskiy Factory developed a new vehicle. The new armored car was named Ford-A Izhorskiy or simply FAI.
The FAI was successfully field trialed and accepted for service in the Red Army. It entered production at the Izhorskiy plant in Leningrad during 1932, replacing both the D-8 and D-12 armored cars. The original model FAI on the GAZ-A chassis was series produced from 1932 to 1936, during which 676 were produced. None were provided with radio and extensive use was made of flag communications. The FAI was the standard light armored car in Russian Army service until the introduction of the BA-20 series in 1936.
In 1935, at the Izhorskiy Factory a new armored car was developed, based on the chassis of the M-1 automobile. This new vehicle had more room for the crew, some of which would be equipped with radio. With the advancements allowed by the M-1 chassis, mass production was shifted from the FAI to the new armored car, named BA-20. However, after the production change, about 300 FAI's hulls still remained in factory warehouses. So, the Soviet engineers came up with an idea to mount these hulls on the M-1 chassis. This hybrid was known as the FAI-M.
The FAI-M had an updated engine, improved fuel capacity, and extended vehicle range, but the combat characteristics of the vehicle were otherwise similar to the FAI which it replaced in production. The FAI-M was, in 1938, still not fitted with a radio as standard.
In comparison with the original FAI, the FAI-M was produced in very small numbers; only seventy-six FAI-Ms being built in total. The FAI-M served with Russian forces during the invasion of Poland, during the battles for the Baltic Republics in 1938-39, throughout the 1940 "Winter War" with Finland, and in the opening stages of the 1941-45 war with Germany. All FAI-Ms still in service in 1941 were quickly abandoned or destroyed in combat.
The primary feature of the FAI-M which distinguishes it from the BA-20 is the distinctive FAI hull, which was considerably shorter than the new GAZ-M1 chassis on which it was mounted. This resulted in the rear axle being in line with the rear of the armored body, giving the vehicle a particularly disproportionate appearance. The chamfered lower hull of the original FAI hull required an additional armored plate riveted in place to modify the design for attachment to the GAZ-M1 chassis. The slight slope to the front section of the fighting compartment roof and the two roof domes were both retained from the FAI.
The FAI-M was powered by the new GAZ-M1 engine which developed 50hp (37kW). Solid stamped steel disc wheels from the GAZ-M1 were used on the FAI-M, replacing the wire wheels of the earlier FAI. The FAI-M was provided with type GK (Gubchataya Kamera) tires made of sponge rubber, which allowed the vehicle to travel with tires damaged by shrapnel or small-arms fire.
The quality of welding and general workmanship was particularly good on the FAI-M, which was produced in an era when quality workmanship was not eroded by later wartime requirements for quantity rather than quality. |