To face the problems caused by the new Soviet tank models in the East Front since 1941, especially the revolutionary design and performance of T-34s, German designers worked in the development of new tank models with heavier guns and better armoured than the outworn Panzer IVs. Both Henschel and Porsche were appointed to design the new German heavy tank Tiger I and designed their own projects and prototypes. The Henschel version was finally chosen but Porsche had built 90 chassis of their own model which was called Tiger Porsche. In September 1942, the German High Command decided to use the rejected chassis to develop a new heavy tank armed with a 88mm PaK 43/2 L/71 gun and 200 mm armour.
In March 1943 the first new Ferdinand, named after designer Ferdinand Porsche, was ready to be shown to Hitler who ordered to speed up the production before the next coming summer offensive in the East. From April to May that year the 90 Porsche chassis were transformed at Nibelungenwerke factory in Austria adding a superstructure made by Alkett.
The original Porsche engines, prone to mechanical problems, were replaced by tested Maybach HL 120 and mounted in the central part of the hull. Consequently the driver's compartment was cut off from the fighting compartment, which was placed on the rear section of the hull. The armour added was extraordinary thick, raging from 80 mm in the sides to 200 mm in the front. The 88 mm gun could hit a T-34 at 3 miles. The two types of shells it could fire were able to penetrate up to 233 mm armour at 1,000 m.
Their baptism of fire took place at the Kursk offensive in July 1943 as a part of Panzerjägerabteilungen 653 and 654 in the XLI Panzer Corps which fought in the north area of the battle. In the first weeks of the battle more than 600 Russian tanks and guns had been destroyed by Ferdinands. In general, this tank proved to be very effecting when fighting at long range and in deffensive roles due to its great firepower. However, many of them were destroyed by the lack of adequate weapons against enemy infantry and anti-tank guns, especially when they had a mechanical failure that immobilized them. The lack of a traversing turret and the excessive weight for the engines were also serious drawbacks.
Between February and March 1944 some 50 survivors were sent to factory for reforms which consisted of a new commander cupola which increased visibility, a new MG 34 in the front hull, wider tracks and to some of them Zimmerit anti-magnetic paste was added. These remodelled Ferdinands were oficially called Elephants.
Grouped in the new Panzerjager Abteilungen 653 and 654, part of them were sent to Italy where they immediately saw action at Anzio in May 1944. Others came back to the Eastern Front where the continued fighting in different units till the fall of Berlin in 1945. |