In 1938, encouraged by the outstanding performance shown by European fighters powered by inline engines, the Curtiss-Wright decided to replace the current radial engine of a P-36A by an inline 1,160-hp Allison V-1710-19 engine. The first aircraft flew for the first time in October that year under the designation XP-40. This prototype, basically an unchanged P-36A, was an all-metal, low-wing monoplane with the landing gear retracting rearwards into the wings. The main wheels turned 90 degrees to lie flat with the undersurfaces. Armament consisted of the same as the P-36A, a pair of 0.3-in machine-guns.
This aircraft was selected after competition with the Bell XP-39 and Seversky XP-41. A contract was signed for 524 P-40s worth $13 million, the largest order ever placed for an American fighter. Production started in late 1939 with 200 aircraft known as the Hawk 81-A for the USAAC powered by 1,040-hp Allison V-1710-33 engines. The first production batch was delivered to the 33rd Pursuit Squadron, moved to Iceland in July 1941.
The next production model was named P-40B and some 131 were produced featuring four 0.3-in wing guns and two additional 0.5-in nose guns. Improved cockpit armour was also introduced. This was the model which was present in the Philippines and Hawaii when the war broke out in the Pacific. The surprise of the attack was so complete, that only a few of the 107 P-40s and P-40Bs managed to take off in the Philippines, and were quickly reduced to only 22 in just four days. The RAF was also transferred some 110 P-40Bs, known as Tomahawk Mk IIA, which were dispatched to the Middle East. One hundred more were also diverted from RAF contracts to China for service with the American Volunteer Group.
The next variant was the P-40C which introduced self-sealing fuel tanks. Only 193 were produced for the USAAC, but they became the RAF's main Tomahawk version, the Mk IIB, with 945 produduced for the British, of which some 21 were given to the USSR. It was the heaviest of all P-40 models, and it proved to be much inferior to the German Bf-109E and only slightly better than the Hurricane Mk I in North Africa. They were used mainly in the ground-attack role.
The P-40D brought an important redesign of the nose with the introduction of the Allison V-1710-39 engine, which allowed the nose to be shortened by 6 inches. The radiator was also moved forward and deepened. Nose guns were deleted and wing guns became four 0.5-in calibre. A rack capable of carrying a 500-lb bomb or a 52-US gal drop tank was also installed. The top speed was 360 mph, but only 23 were produced for the USAAC.
The first Warhawk to be produced in large quantities after Pearl Harbour was the P-40E. The armament was improved to six 0.5-in wing machine-guns. The first batches were delivered in time to be sent to Britain and the North of Africa with the first US forces who would fight in those theatres. With a total weight of 8,840 lb, it had a top speed of 354 mph, more or less the same as the Spitfire Mk VC. Production raised to 2,320 aircraft for the US contracts and 1,500 Kittyhawk Mk IA for the RAF. These latter were also delivered to RAAF, RCAF and RNZAF.
In 1941 a production aircraft P-40D was experimentally fitted a British Rolls-Royce Merlin engine resulting in the designation XP-40F. Performance was thus greatly improved, as the engine raised the speed up to 373 mph at 5,500 metres, although the total weight was also increased to 9,460 lb. This version could be distinguished by the absence of carburettor air intake above the nose. The first 260 production aircraft employed the same fuselage as the P-40E, but the directional stability had to be corrected, so later P-40Fs featured a rear fuselage lenghtened by 20 inches.
The P-40K was produced in parallel with the last P-40F. It featured a slightly more powerful Allison V-1710-73 engine which increased its top speed to 366 mph, thus matching that of Bf-109E in Europe and the Mitsubishi A6M in Asia. The RAF designation was Kittyhawk Mk II and IIA, of which 330 were produced. The next variant was the P-40M which had a still more powerful Allison engine. Some 616 aircraft of this type were delivered to the RAF as Kittyhawk Mk IIIs.
The definitive Warhawk was the P-40N which started production in late 1943 and was delivered to the USAAC in March 1944. It was a lightweight version that reverted to the Allison engine. The first production blocks (some 1,977 aircraft) only featured four wing guns. These were followed by 3,023 aircraft with armament restored to six guns and provision to carry a 500-lb bomb on belly shackles. The last production blocks were powered by the V-1710-115 and had wing racks to carry two 500-lb bombs. About 1,000 of these version were ordered, but production finished in September 1944 when only 220 had been built. Some 588 equivalent Kittyhawk Mk IVs were also produced for the RAF.
Warhawks of the USAAF served on almost all fronts during WWII and they also provided the main USAAF's fighter defenses protecting the Panama Canal between 1941 and 1943. However it has never been satisfactorily explained why the production of Warhawks lasted until as late as 1944, by which time its performance was clearly inferior to current fighters. On the other hand, it is also true that a significant part of the P-40s delivered to the RAF was diverted to the USSR during 1942 and 1943, and this explains the relatively scarce number of RAAF, RNZAF and RAAF equipped with them. Some hundreds P-40s were also delivered to Chile and Brazil in 1942. |