The development of Italian tanks during World War Two was anything but successful. Even though the types built in the 1930s featured characteristics broadly similar to other foreign contemporaries, the Italian industry was unable to produce more advanced types at the same pace as other nations. Among the reasons pointed out for this slow development are the excessive protectionism of the Fascist regime towards national industries which were not stimulated to proceed with further research. The same happened to the aviation industry with the same results.
Just before the outbreak of WWII the Regio Esercito armoured units were mostly equipped with obsolete material and only few projects were still in the test phase. Even more modern models, such as the L6/40, would prove unsuitable for the new war scenario.
The Carro Armato L6/40 was the result of a long series of studies aimed at replacing the aging L3/33 and L3/35 tankettes built by FIAT-Ansaldo mainly for the export market in the 1930s. The first prototypes were completed in 1936, one being armed with twin 8mm Breda machine-guns while another had a 37 mm gun and a coaxial 8 mm machine-gun. Both were developed from modified L3 hulls and had sililar turrets to the Autoblinda AB 41. The Italian Army ordered 283 L6/40s and after an incredible series of delays where precious time was lost, the first examples could be delivered to units in 1941. Production accelerated quickly after mid-1941 and soon the monthly output reached 50-60 tanks. Production figures are difficult to calculate but total production could have been above 450 by Summer 1943. It seems a number of these were in fact completed as Semovente L40.
The hull of the L6/40 was of riveted construction. The driver was seated at the front of the hull on the right, the turret was offset to the left, and the engine was located at the rear. The suspension consisted of two bogies each with two road wheels, with the drive sprocket at the front and the idler at the rear, and three track-return rollers were provided. The main armament consisted of a 20 mm cannon with an elevation of +20º and a depression of -12º, and a 8 mm machine-gun was mounted co-axial with the main armament. Some 296 rounds of 20 mm and 1,560 rounds of 8 mm were carried.
A flamethrower model was developed but this did not enter service. The command version was fitted with radios and had an open roof. The Semovente L40 was armed with a 47 mm anti-tank gun mounted in the front of the superstructure to the left of the driver. This model had a crew of three and 49 rounds of 47 mm ammunition were carried. This variant was produced in small numbers and was some 441 lb (200 kg) heavier and carried 44 gal (200 litres) of flame fuel.
The operational life of the L6 was relatively short. Nearly 80 were sent to Africa where they proved no match for British Grants, Shermans or Valentines. Narrow tracks didn't help either and the L6 often stuck in the sand (or in the mud in other fronts).
Things went slightly better in the East front where L6s faced Soviet T-26s with some success, but encounters with the T-34 and anti-tank guns soon decimated the units. No L6 ever returned from that front.
Over 50 L6s were also sent to the Balkans between 1942 and 1943. After the September 1943 Armistice, the Germans captured many of them which were used against partisans. In Italy some of them fought with both Germans and Reppublica Sociale Italiana units too. After the war the last survivors were still used in police duties. |