The need for an assault gun which provided support to infantry units especially against fortifications and in street fights, such as experience showed in Leningrad, was evident for the German army since 1941. The Sturmpanzer IV Brummbär (Grizzly Bear), known to the soldiers as Stupa, was the result of a project carried out by the German industries Alkett, which designed the superstructure, and Krupp, which modified the Panzer IV chassis.
By October 1942 the new projects were shown to Hitler. He became personally involved in the plan and the first orders for the building of some 60 vehicles were given. They should be ready by spring, before the German offensive at Kursk.
Most of the new 60 units built by April 1943 were made from the new Panzer IV Ausf G chassis, the rest being mounted on previously rebuilt Ausf E and F chassis. Future units would also be built from this latter chassis types. The new vehicle was oficially called SdKfz 166, Sturmgeschütz IV mit 15cm StuH 43 and it was presented in May but full scale production did not begin until November. Until May 1944 the Brummbärs were assembled at Heereszeugamt Wien (Army Depot in Vienna) and from that date on at Deutsche Eisenwerke at Duisburg.
Problems soon started to appear in the new model because the StuH 43 L/12 gun was too heavy for the Panzer IV hull. Furthermore it consumed too much fuel due to transmission failure. Many units were also easily destroyed by enemy infantry as they lacked a front machine-gun.
In December 1943 the production of a second series of Brummbärs started. This version included a lighter gun (150mm StuH 43/1 L/12) and a driver's periscope instead of the previous vision port copied from the Tiger I. However the main problem (weight) was not solved.
A new modification was carried out in 1944 and the third and fourth (late) series included a redesigned superstructure, with a ball-mounted MG34 on the front top left corner, a reduced height which contributed to lower the overall weight of the vehicle, and a cupola for the commander with an AA gun. The last units included schürzen for side protection and were usually covered with Zimmerit anti-magnetic paste. They also used more modern Panzer IV Ausf H and J chassis. This weapon proved to be very effective in close combat but its main drawback was the lack of space for crew and ammunition (only 38 rounds).
The first Brummbärs entered action with the new Sturmpanzerabteilung 216 (Sturmpanzer regiment) at the battle of Kursk and the Kharkhov combats where many of them were destroyed. Three more abteilungs were created during the war: 217, 218, and 219. A typical Sturmpanzer IV regiment included 45 vehicles and up to 85 other units (usually SdKfz 9 half-tracks) with around 600 men. These regiments fought in Russia, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany, Hungary and Poland along the war. |